I keep backyard bees here in Almond County. It’s hard to keep them alive in the winter but more because of Varroa than directly because of insecticides I think. It’s almost almond monoculture here, and it’s a desert for bees most of the year. Mine go through HF corn syrup like a basement full of Fortnite addicts. Farmers are supposed to notify apiarists before they spray and spray at night. Entomologists have been studying neo-nicotinoids for years and their effects on bees are more subtle than outright kills.
Still, beekeepers from Bangor to Bakersfield and Tampa to Tacoma strap 500 hives to a flatbed and bring 2 million hives to the Valley for almonds. After that, maybe it’s north for alfalfa or east for blueberries. Winter kill is high everywhere, and beekeeps work hard splitting established hives. A new package of bees costs $150, a queen up to $35. The going orchard rate for a hive of healthy bees for almond time is about $200, not far from a penny per bee. A thriving hive is worth several hundred dollars over a season, including honey, if any.